Basic breadmaking steps: First, the ingredients are mixed and kneaded to create a smooth, springy dough. Next comes the first rising stage, or bulk fermentation. The once-fermented dough is then cut and shaped before a second rising step, called proofing. This can take as little as an hour or as long as several hours. Finally, the proofed dough is baked until a crispy golden crust forms and the interior is cooked through. As used in the passage, which of the following phrases clarifies the order of the steps in basic breadmaking?